Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Police Brutality Essay -- Policeman Violence Rights Papers
Police Brutality Government policies reflect choices made among conflicting values and many different people, groups, and institutions influence policy decisions. Police brutality is influenced by many, such as our American political ideals of civil rights and liberties, the political process in terms of the media and our political institutions, one which the courts. CIVIL RIGHTS:Whats are out civil rights and liberties relating to the public policy issue of police brutality? Our civil rights and liberties are embedded in our constitution and state religion, freedom of speech, the rights to assemble peacefully and to petition the government, the right to bear arms, freedom of the press, the rights of the criminally accused, requirement of due process, and equal protection of the laws. Among these rights and liberties, we also have the right to not be inflicted any kind of cruel and unusual punishment. We as citizens of America have many rights and freedoms, of which we exercise everyday. The police are there to ensure us these rights and to protect harm to individuals or to society. However we as citizens tend to mistake police officers for robots who entail no hatred nor prejudices in other words society forgets that are also human. Human enough to feel many different feelings, emotions and attitudes towards many different issues or even people. This is not to say that every police officer would subject a citizen towards this negative attitude but current events and statistics show that the civil rights and liberties of Americans are being challenged everyday of the hands of â€Å"our protectors†, the police. Police brutality may occur violating the rights and liberties of any individual at any given time. How... ... WORK CITED CIVIL RIGHTS The Challenge of Democracy, Janda 5th Edition P.217 Beyond The Rodney King Story, Ogletree Northeastern University Press, 1995 Violence And the Police, William Westley, The mit press, 1970 Ebonye,†How TO STOP POLICE BRUTALITY†:HNS J. MASSAQUOI,V.46 JULY 1991 P.58-60 Essence,†Up Against The Wall Black Men and Cops†:LEs Payne;v.23 Nov.1992 p.72 Essence,†The Black and The Blues†, Jill Nelson; v.29 Sep 1985 p. 91-93 Jet,†NAACP’S Wade Henderson Testifies On Capitol Hill About Police Over reaction†: v.80 May 20,1991 p.32 THE MEDIA Washington Post, Bline Harden, June 14 1997 Washington Post,Frank G. Scifidi,March 16,1998 THE COURTS The Anarchical Society, Hedley bull, copyright 1997 Maclean’s, v.28 Dec 22,1997 Maclean’s, v.27 Dec 22 1997 The New York Times, Jan 1998, v147: p A18
Monday, January 13, 2020
Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay
Abstract            Depression in elderly patients is one of the most prevalent psychological problems today. However, research and knowledge regarding this subject is limited and those involved in the application of this knowledge to help elderly individuals experiencing depression are lacking in efficient strategies and training. This paper aims to explore the efficacy of inducing positive affect through music as a strategy in treating depression in elderly individuals. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of music alone as tool in treating depression based on its capability to induce positive affect. It is hypothesized that positive affect continuously induced via music within a set time-period will lessen signs of depression. Introduction Depression has recently been recognized as one of main psychological problems facing society today. Literature shows that treatment of depression needs to be specialized in terms of the population it addresses. Certain groups, such as adolescents, respond to certain treatments differently when compared to another group, such as the elderly. (Aryan & Alvidres, 2001; Von Kroff et al, 2001) Depression among the elderly has specifically been found to be rampant and mostly unchecked mainly due to the fact that it was regarded earlier on as a normal step in an individual’s aging. (Casey, 1994) The need for further research on the subject is stressed by the fact that treatments and solutions for depression among elderly individuals are studied only in areas wherein a majority of the population is in the late stages of life. (Bramesfeld, 2003) Also, research has shown that general practitioners involved in treating depression in the elderly need to have more training and information on how best to handle depression in older patients. (Rothera et al, 2002) Diagnosis of depression is also a problem with 70-90% of depressed elderly patients going undiagnosed. (Koenig, 1999) A new strategy being researched for its effectiveness in treating depression employs the use of music techniques. Hendricks et al (1999) showed the potency of music in treating adolescent depression mainly because of its ability to inspire a change in the individual’s emotions. Hanser & Thomson (1994) and Hanser (1990) studies have also shown promise in the use of music techniques to treat depression in older individuals. This paper aims to validate these previous studies but will focus only on the musical aspect of the treatment. Previous research included exercise, muscle relaxation techniques, and recall of experiences which could have confounded the results of the previous studies attesting to the effectiveness of music techniques. Research Question             The goal of this paper is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between music-induced affect and depression. Can positive affect induced by music reduce depression? It is hypothesized that positive music-induced affect has a significant negative relationship with depression. Methods            The design of the study is experimental and random. Specifically, it makes use of a 2Ãâ€"2 between-subjects factorial design. One variable will be the music-induced affect which will have two levels in the experiment, presence and absence of music-induced affect. Negative music-induced affect will not be used for ethical reasons. The other variable will be the test scores of the participants assessing the intensity of their depression. This will have two levels, test scores prior to the application of the music technique and test scores acquired after application. The two variables contribute tot eh 2Ãâ€"2 factorial design. (Mann, 1949) Setting            The study will be conducted in a laboratory setting within primary care facilities from which the participants will be gathered. Performing the experiment in a primary care facility will be more convenient especially because the participants involved are elderly individuals. The laboratory setting will control for confounding variables that could be present in a real environment. Population            The research sample will be composed of individuals from age 65 onwards coming from primary care facilities and who have been diagnosed with depression (ranging from mild to severe). This is to avoid ethical and scientific concerns regarding clinically-induced depression. Data Collection The independent variable is the positive music-induced affect will be measured with the State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1985) The depression level, the dependent variable, of the participants will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (Beck et al, 1961) Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group will be administered with music sessions aimed at inducing positive affect. The music will be pre-tested on a different set of participants also with depression to check its validity in inducing positive affect. The control group will not be administered with music sessions and will only be administered the Beck Depression Inventory at the start and at the end of the experimentation period.            The experimental group will be administered the selected music once daily for a duration of four weeks. During the sessions, participants of the experimental set-up will be asked to clear their minds and to concentrate only on the music being played. The State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised will be administered before and after each session to ensure that positive affect was induced. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be administered to this group at the start and end of the four-week experimentation period to document depression levels. Data Analysis            Collected data will be analyzed statistically with the use of a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The computed marginal means in the ANOVA will be the determining statistical value indicating the effect of positive music-induced affect on depression scores with the Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion            Music as a technique employed in treating depression will provide healthcare workers and low-income families with a relatively cost-free strategy of helping elderly individuals experiencing depression. This is also a technique that doesn’t require much training or medical expertise in its administration. All one would need in order to be able to administer this technique is knowledge as to which music selections are prescribed and certified to induce positive affect. This technique, because of its simplicity and speed of application, could also be used as a supplementary strategy to medication, counseling and psychotherapies being employed to treat depression in elderly patients.            The research, however, has many limitations. The range of elderly individuals that will be available for experimentation will only be confined to a specific locality. Time constraints will also be an issue. Further study should be conducted on a larger sample size and over a longer experimentation period. Different music styles and variations can also be checked to ascertain maximum effectiveness of the treatment. Gender could also be checked as a factor.            Depression is indeed a psychological problem that afflicts today’s elderly individuals. Research regarding effective techniques has to be continued and expanded in order for healthcare workers to be able to best address this growing problem. References Arean, P., & Alvidrez, J. (2001). Treating Depressive Disorders Who Responds, Who Does Not Respond, and Who Do We Need to Study? Journal of Family Practices, 50(6), 529 Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bramesfeld, A. (2003). Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392-401 Casey, D. (1994). Depression in the elderly. Southern Medical Journal, 87(5), 559-563 Hanser, S. B. (1990). A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults in the community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 283-298. Hanser, S. B., & Thompson, L. W. (1994). Effects of music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269. Hendricks, C., Robinson, B., Bradley, L., & Davis, K. (1999). Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 38(1), 39-46 Koenig, H. (1999). Late-life depression: How to treat patients with comorbid chronic illness.Geriatrics, 54(5), 56-61 Mann, H.B. (1949). Analysis and design of experiments; analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs. New York, Dover Publications. Rothera, I., Jones, R., & Gordon, C. (2002). An examination of the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 354-358 Von Kroff, M., Katon, W., Wells, K., & Wagner, E. (2001). Improving Depression Care Barriers, Solutions, and Research Needs. Journal of Family Practice, 50(6), 529-561 Zuckerman M, & Lubin B. (1985) Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing
Saturday, January 4, 2020
The History Of Abraham Lincolns Life - 741 Words
Four years ago they figured it out. How to get through the timelines. Three years ago they sent someone ten minutes back. The original plan was to paint on a board to see if he actually could change the future, but the board never changed and he never was seen again. Last year they made it through and back†¦ but not with a human. It was a machine, that almost looked like a metal skeleton of a human, sent back with one mission. To paint on the board. Black letters started appearing a few seconds later, saying that it had made it and was coming back. It came back not even a second later and shut down. Over the course of that year they gave that†¦ thing more of an actual structure to look human. We can get video from the machines point of†¦show more content†¦Once we got there he was sitting in an office with several security guards dead around him while he was transferring data from a computer. â€Å"Don’t move,†I told the group around the corner â€Å"If we can attack him without†¦Ã¢â‚¬ A new recruit on the team ran out screaming. Arlo’s download had stopped and now had full control over himself. He grabbed this soldier by the neck and ripped his vest off. The vest went back to its original time period. As the soldier was thrown out the window. The window shattered as he flew crashing into the washington monument, falling to the ground. Arlo grabbed a gun from the desk and aimed it in my direction. A scratchy voice broke through his face. â€Å"You brought me pain and misery.†His hand was solid in place. There was no hesitation â€Å"This world is more of a curse than a blessing†He raised the gun toward the last two members of the team and threw them, ones leg getting caught on an American flag due to the force and strength of the robot. The other was slammed through the floor as he fell through the stories of the building. à ¢â‚¬Å"We can use you to help make the world a safer place†I told him â€Å"The same world that has kept me locked in the facility only for one purpose?†The loud shot of a the gun,and the pain rushing through my leg as I sat on the ground. Another shot goes through my leg and one in my shoulder. The blood was flowing through the room like magma seeping from a volcano. I seem to watchShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln s Legacy Of The Man Behind The Gun With A Plan982 Words  | 4 PagesMarch 2016 Abraham Lincoln Assassination Early morning of April 15, 1865 the United States of America stood still. It started as a normal day at the theatre, but soon a dramatic turn would change United States history forever. This paper will define President Abraham Lincoln’s life, the man behind the gun with a plan, and how the United States reacted. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States of America, he served a single term from 1861 to 1865, but changed history significantlyRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter971 Words  | 4 PagesAbraham Lincoln is an American President who hasn’t been overlooked in the decades following his death. His character still lives on today as he resonates through popular American culture. Many books and movies have been produced about his life to show the role he played in our history and the impact he had on our country. The most recent film, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, captivated audience’s attention with a riveting tale about our sixteenth president hunting vampires. The film contains someRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The President That Held Our Nation Together1017 Words  | 5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Abraham Lincoln. The president that held our nation together. Lincoln’s early life. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky, to his parents Thomas Lincoln, and mother Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in the back-woods of Indiana. They lived in a small cabin in the back-country of Indiana. As said by biography.com, â€Å"where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crudeRead MoreAbraham Lincoln, Slavery and the American Civil War Essay1716 Words  | 7 Pages This investigation will analyze how Abraham Lincolns view on slavery reflected during and after the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. To analyze exactly how Lincolns position on slavery affected the war overall, this investigation looks at Lincolns moral and religious views as well as his social and political views. Two main sources were used, both dealing with events relevant to his political career and his roots in his career and other important issues including slavery. Lincoln by DavidRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Lincoln 962 Words  | 4 Pages Actually, Steven Spielberg’s film named â€Å"Lincoln†starts during the time of the Civil War, when President Abraham Lincoln was requiring this war’s end. From the initial scene the cruelty of the war is clearly shown, mostly against African American soldiers. In fact, racial discrimination was a significant problem at that time and that was one of the biggest struggles of Abraham Lincoln, as he attempted to maintain the whole nation as one union. The film describes the situation occurred in the 1860sRead MoreThe Views On Lincoln s Presidency1738 Words  | 7 PagesHistorian’s Views on Lincoln’s Presidency After reading several historians’ texts regarding Lincoln’s opinions and policies toward slavery, and the unification of a nation as a whole, I distinguished that several authors have contending visions of Lincoln’s actions during his presidency. Some authors (Dirck, Guelzo, Striner) portray Lincoln as the great emancipator in depicting him as a crusader whose main purpose during the Civil War was only to accomplish the abolishment of slavery.Read MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1217 Words  | 5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born in the year 1809 on February 12th in the town of Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Growing up Lincoln had no proper education, consequently he read books and educated himself. During Lincoln’s young adult years, he worked a various number of jobs as a shopkeeper, surveyor, and a postmaster. In 1832, Lincoln became a captain of the Hawk War against the Native Americans. Shortly after the war was over, h e began his political career and was elected to theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words  | 4 PagesBenjamin P. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,†Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)Read MoreThe Views Of Abraham Lincoln1147 Words  | 5 PagesA more recent myth that has developed is the theory that Abraham Lincoln was homosexual. This myth came to light in 1999 when Larry Kramer, the founding member of the Gay Men’s Health Crisis, made the statement that Lincoln was homosexual and backed up his statement with diary excerpts from Lincoln’s bunkmate’s Diary. The excerpts read: He often kisses me when I tease him, often to shut me up†¦ He would grab me in his long arms and hug and hug†¦ our Abe is like a school girl†(Steers 126). Kramer alsoRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Americas Greatest President Essay952 Words  | 4 Pagesindividual. Abraham Lincoln’s contribution to the United States is so grand and captivating, that he is deservingly recognized as Americaâ⠂¬â„¢s greatest president. For example, he abolished slavery, led America through the Civil War, and prevented the Union from splitting apart. Abraham Lincoln is America’s greatest president and was the forceful leader that manipulated America from a state of turmoil into a state of justice and harmony. Primarily, America’s opulence initiated with Lincoln’s determination
Friday, December 27, 2019
The Role Of Women During The Civil War - 1595 Words
The role of women in the work force has been disputed in American since the end of World War II where women were needed in the workforce. It was not till fairly recently have women begun to work in American society. In 1963 the first policy regarding equal pay was introduced opening the gate from other policies, such as Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 and the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993. However, women are still being undermined in the work force with the wage gap between women and men. Many argue that a wage gap does exist where women are working hard but getting payed less leading to poverty. On the other hand, others argue that the wage gap is merle a myth and is impractical in today s society. Contributing factors like†¦show more content†¦Lawyers Maria Lewis and DeMaris Trapp from the article â€Å"She works hard for less money†argues that women are paid less because of their gender and are paid less than their male counterparts. They both focused on t he need for legal action to bring the wage gap to a close. Zsuza Daczo on the other hand fuses both Perry and Lewis and Trapp’s argument in his thesis â€Å"Wage inequality and the gender wage gap: are American women swimming upstream?†. He does acknowledge that there does seem to be discrimination against women, however, mentions society as the cause of the wage gap. The 4 authors, all brought up different perceptive, but Daczo who does an effective job by using various research. In the thesis â€Å"Wage inequality and the gender wage gap: are American women swimming upstream?†by Daczo shines light on the wage gap in relation to gender. The paper is split up in different sections separated by titles. He starts with the gender wage gap section opening up the argument that women are having higher education but the wage gap still exists. â€Å"Women have been continuously upgrading their human capital, bringing it closer to the educational distribution that men in the workforce have, yet women’s wages have not been coming much closer to men’s wages in recent years.†Women in today’s world are staying in school longer but they still do not earn the same wage as men. Daczo does an excellent
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Kant s Good Will Theory - 1219 Words
Sofia Hughes 817212455 Philosophy 330 Philosophy 330: Major Exam #1 A. According to Kant’s Good Will theory, â€Å"good will†means to act out of an overarching sense of duty and rightness. In order for an action to be borne of good will, it must be done solely because it is the right thing to do, and not because of the results that the action will bring. The only thing, Kant says, that is good without qualification is good will itself. In order for something to be good without qualification, it must be good on every occasion that it is used. Kant supplies three categories of things that are good, but only with qualification: talents of the mind, qualities of temperament, and gifts of fortune or nature. These three categories can only be good when they are had in conjunction with good will. The will is only good through its motives and intentions. B. Kant’s categorical imperative, put simply, is something that must be done. It is a law in itself, and is necessary and unequivocal. It is to be treated as law by all people independent of the desires of the individual, and must be done. This is different from the hypothetical imperative in that the hypothetical imperative is an action done to bring about a specific outcome, and is specific only to the individual who desires that outcome. The categorical imperative applies to all people and must be done regardless of the outcome. For Kant, the moral imperative is the categorical imperative, because it can be applied to a person’sShow MoreRelatedKant s Good Will Theory1219 Words  | 5 Pages According to Kant’s Good Will theory, â€Å"good will†means to act out of an overarching sense of duty and rightness. In order for an action to be borne of good will, it must be done solely because it is the right thing to do, and not because of the results that the action will bring. The only thing, Kant says, that is good without qualification is good will itself. In order for something to be good without qualification, it must be good on every occasion that it is used. Kant supplies three categoriesRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words  | 4 PagesEthical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamentalRead MoreKant s Theory Of Morality982 Words  | 4 PagesImmanuel Kant is said by many to be one of the most influential â€Å"thinkers†in the history of Western philosophy (McCormick, n.d.), this being said, most of his theories continue to be taught and are highly respected by society. Kant was a firm believer that the morality of any action can be assessed by the motivation behind it (McCormick, n.d.). In other words, if an action is good but the intention behind the action is not good, the action itself would be considered immoral. Those who follow theRead MoreKant s Theory Of Moral Theory1466 Words  | 6 Pagessince Kant s publication of his renowned ethical treatises, deontologists and utilitarians alike have argued over which moral theory is most coherent. Yet, in Mill s critique of Kant, Mill sidesteps this issue, not by directly critiquing Kant s moral theory, but rather by asserting that Kant s moral theory is actually just a for m of utilitarianism. Essentially, Kant s universal law test is nothing more than a veiled appeal to consequences, as Mill correctly claims in his critique of Kant. AfterRead MoreKantian Ethics1459 Words  | 6 Pagesindividuals that have a major impact on one`s life. The teachings usually start from a young age through parents, caregivers and educators in society. Due to their influence on young children`s lives it is their responsibility to make certain that young children will learn to make logical decisions that would contribute in a positive way in society. An ethical theory that would best describe people that influence young children would be Kantian`s ethics. His ethical theory elucidates that morality is when weRead MoreKant And John Stuart Mill s Utility Based, Utilitarian Moral Theory1551 Words  | 7 PagesOne of the most intriguing aspects of moral theory is not merely analyzing disagreements between renowned, intellectual giants, but examining the ways in which near polar ideologies can arise to similar conclusions based on vastly different rationales. Immanuel Kant s duty-based, deontological moral theory and John Stuart Mi ll s utility-based, utilitarian moral theory are prime examples of antithetical viewpoints that share similar outlooks to ethical subjects such as lying and helping those inRead MoreWhat Has Posterity Ever Done For Me By Robert Heilbroner1626 Words  | 7 Pagesregards to preserving the planet. In this paper, I will present Heilbroner s arguments for posterity, in relation to how we treat our environment. In addition, I will compare two ethical theories, Kant s Categorical Imperative to Mill s theory of Utilitarianism. I will then argue as to why Utilitarianism is more plausible in respect to Heilbroner s environmental view on posterity. Furthermore, I will point out why Kantian theory does not at all support the idea of environmental preservation for futureRead MoreThe Ethics Of Non Voluntary Active Euthanasia1050 Words  | 5 Pagesduty and obligation. A medical professional in such situations have an obligation to fulfill the patient s wishes. The nature of their obligation does not sway based on what they personally think. Patients with dementia have some moments of clarity, but because their brains are still deteriorating, non- voluntary active euthanasia should still be permissible under these conditions. In the theory of deontology, it is defined as â€Å"the focus on the duties and obligations one has in carrying out actionsRead MoreThe Moral Value Of Ethics1261 Words  | 6 PagesDeontology Of the many theories non-consequentialism produces, one is called Deontology. This theory states the only way to complete a moral action is by doing ones duty. In Deontology, the end result is irrelevant meaning bad consequences have no affect on the morality of the action. The thesis I will prove is when deciding on the best course of action the principles of Deontology ethics and their emphasis on considerations of doing ones duty, offer effective framework for the moral value ofRead MoreEssay on Immanuel Kant’s Non- consequentialist Ethical Theory 1369 Words  | 6 Pages1. Introduction According to Immanuel Kant the driving force behind our actions should be dictated by what is inherently good as sole consideration and not be based upon the effects of what such actions may produce such as the case in the consequentialist theory of cause. In this essay Kant’s ethical non-consequentialist theory will be briefly investigated and a comparison drawn between the two different theories in order to establish merit in employment thereof in practice. 2. Kantian Morality Central
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Budgeting Commercial & Industrial Era
Question: Write about theBudgetingfor Commercial Industrial Era. Answer: Relevance of Budgeting the Modern Commercial Industrial Era In a time of changes in the modern management, where the autonomy and responsibility of the companies increases, the decision making demands pressure and speed, and therefore the factor of prediction and control of the budgets is of vital importance like an efficient administrative tool. It is for this purpose that this work is born on the elaboration and management of the commercial budget to face the future challenges of the current administration. In most companies the barrier is not to ignore the importance of the elaboration and control of the commercial budget, but to ignore how to do it, and even when it is done, not to take advantage of the advantages that would evidently give as an element of planning and control expressed in financial economic terms within the framework of a strategic plan(Drury, 2011). The design of a procedure for the elaboration and control of a commercial budget will contribute to the correct elaboration and control of the same in the company. The following are some of the other relevancies of budgeting in commercial era. It facilitates efficiency and control within the operation and requires cooperation between all departments of the company, motivating management to focus on defining the objectives(Patel, 2012). It alsopromotes standardization and control in the flow of information while reducing uncertainty which means a continuous improvement challenge for the executives within the company. This document deals with the different types of budgets within the business environment, as well as other generalities of this administrative tool vital for current decision making and for the future challenges of business management since budgets arise from planning, One of the stages of the administrative process, and help formulate strategies and policies associated with the different forecasts of current business(Sagar, 2009) Budget Programming Process: Critical Analysis and Recommendations This innovation generates a period of deep analysis and understanding of costs, promotes the need to budget and program and promotes technicality, group work and decision making based on comprehensive cost study and evaluation( Crosson and Needles, 2007). The role played by budgets is highlighted by prestigious modern writers who point to the vitality of prognoses related to cash management. References Crosson, S and Needles, B,. (2007) Managerial accounting, Cengage learning, USA Drury, C. (2011). Cost and management accounting. 1st ed. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning. Patel, B,. (2012) Project management, edition 2nd, Vikas publications, India Sagar, R,. (2009) Tulsians Isc Accountancy XII, edition 5th, Ratna sagar, India
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
Lectio Divina (Genesis 18 1
Interpretation Based On Secondary Sources Abraham is a man who was patiently waiting for God’s promise. The promise of a son is given in genesis 12 and scholars indicate that he had to wait for 25 years before the promise was fulfilled by God. As argued by Brown, Fitzmyer and Murphy (21), the eighteenth chapter marks the beginning of a climax in Abraham’s narrative. Genesis 18: 1-5 is the first section of a broader picture presented in the whole of genesis 18. This first section focuses on Abraham and his encounter with two men while the rest of the chapter focuses Sara’s place in relation to the promise they had been given by God.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lectio Divina (Genesis 18: 1- 5) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although verses 1-5 of Genesis 18 seem to focus on Abraham’s generosity, they have a connection to the larger text. These verses seem to be mere introductions t o the bigger story beginning from verse 9 onwards (Montgomery, 15). However, on further reflection on the text, interpreting them merely as stage setting or introductory verses proves limited. The generosity expressed by Abraham is typical of the hospitality norm that pervaded Middle East societies (Montgomery, 15). Although it was cultural to be hospitable, Abraham seems to go overboard in his welcome. The lavish attitude towards strangers portrays a man who is keen on not just being culturally right but a blessing to others. Scholars suggest that this has some touch of the promise by God that he would be a blessing to the nations. The men are three which alludes to the trinity (Montgomery, 9). Whether they are all angels or God is represented in the person of one of them is not clear. What is more crucial to note is that Abraham and Sara do not initially connect the presence of the three men with the presence of God. It is only later that they are able to connect the words of the three men with God. This is a pointer to the larger theological fact that our encounter with God happens in the basic mundane things of daily living. It is in our daily events, activities and encounters that we experience or encounter God. In the context of the promise they had been given by God, they challenge Abraham and Sara faced was how to continue believing and holding to it in their rather ordinary lives (Montgomery, 13). Nothing out of the ordinary was happening yet in the ordinary they had to recognize and acknowledge God’s sustaining presence and unfailing promise. The final element worthy considering is the identity of the three men. It is only later that they are defined as angels (Brown, Fitzmyer and Murphy, 20). When Abraham sees them, they are ordinary men who in a way needed Abraham’s help. This is also a great pointer that others or fellow men are and should be God’s face to us and among us. Fellow men in essence can be rightly referred to as me ssengers of God. Personal Interpretation Following from my lectio divina exercise and the interpretation given above, it is clear that although the reading falls in the larger picture of the promise to Abraham and how it comes to be fulfilled, the Genesis 18: 1-5 has a lot to teach us about encounter with God. We live in a socio-cultural atmosphere that questions the presence and promises of God. Personally I think Abraham also had such like a struggle. God had promised him a child. God had promised him that he was to be the father of nations, a blessing to many nations. However, the reality he was living was that of ordinariness.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The passage states that he was sitting outside on a hot sunny day. This gives a picture of a very rough day. Many people would not find a hot sunny day comfortable. This statement must have an allusion to conditions o f living. It is an indicator to some rough conditions of life occasioned by the weather. This is an indicator that Abraham lived the ordinary conditions of living that were characterized by struggles and hardship. Abraham meets three ordinary men and treats them with reverence and honor. Although Abraham treats the men impeccably, this also was an ordinary happening based on generally accepted cultural norms. What is critical is the fact that it is from these ordinary happenings that Abraham experiences an encounter with God. It is, therefore, valid to infer that God comes and has always come to his people in the ordinary happenings or order of daily living. However, to experience and discern God’s presence, one needs a given disposition. The approach of Abraham to the ordinary is characterized respect, humility and honor. He approached the men and with his face touching down welcomed them. Such an approach is only possible or enabled by a given disposition. From the foregoin g analysis, it would appear valid to conclude that the major theme of Genesis 18: 1-5 is encountering the mystery of God’s presence in the ordinariness of our lives. Works Cited Brown Raymond Edward, Fitzmyer A. Joseph, Murphy, Roland, Edmund. The New Jerome biblical commentary. 3rd Ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999 Catholic Online Bible. New Jerusalem bible. Retrieved from https://www.catholic.org/bible/ Montgomery M. Robert. An introduction to source analysis of the Pentateuch. Montreal: Abingdon Press, 2008 This essay on Lectio Divina (Genesis 18: 1- 5) was written and submitted by user Saracen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
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