Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

Organizational Change Essay An organization is a social system that consists of individuals with a common or agreed objectives (Barzilai). The study of the kinds of systems involved in an organization, which help it meet its different concerns, refers to organizational theory. Organizational theory consists of â€Å"individual processes, group processes and organizational processes (Barzilai).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When an organization wants to entertain changes in its operations as a result of poor performance, or a gap between the desired performance and actual performance as in the given example, the stakeholders affected should be a major consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In many organizations, shrinking the budget is a common remedy, in order to better allocate scarce resources while at the same time ensuring the productivity of the organization (Tjosvold Poon, 1998). One way of cutting costs in an organization is by reducing personnel, which can be challenging to implement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the major challenges that an organization desiring to implement changes would have to face is the general attitude of resistance to change, common to employees or members in the lower rungs of the organization (Piderit, 2000). This is especially true in the given scenario because it has been a long time since the organization implemented changes in its structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While resistance to change is often viewed negatively as a form of disobedience or unwillingness to support the management, management should see such resistance to change as the employees’ means of showing their concern and expressing their views to the management (Piderit, 2000). Therefore, as studies suggest, the whole organization must learn how to adapt to change, mainly by gathering employee support to organizational changes (Piderit, 2000). References Barzilai, K. Organizational Theory. Retrieved October 18, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.case.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Organizational_Theory.htm Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking Resistance and Recognizing Ambivalence: A   Ã‚   Multidimensional View of Attitudes toward an Organizational Change. [Electronic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   version]. The Academy of Management Review 25(4), 783-794. Tjosvold, D. Poon, M.   (1998). Dealing with Scarce Resources: Open-Minded Interaction for Resolving Budget Conflicts. Group Organization Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   23(3): 237-255

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Police Brutality Essay -- Policeman Violence Rights Papers

Police Brutality Government policies reflect choices made among conflicting values and many different people, groups, and institutions influence policy decisions. Police brutality is influenced by many, such as our American political ideals of civil rights and liberties, the political process in terms of the media and our political institutions, one which the courts. CIVIL RIGHTS:Whats are out civil rights and liberties relating to the public policy issue of police brutality? Our civil rights and liberties are embedded in our constitution and state religion, freedom of speech, the rights to assemble peacefully and to petition the government, the right to bear arms, freedom of the press, the rights of the criminally accused, requirement of due process, and equal protection of the laws. Among these rights and liberties, we also have the right to not be inflicted any kind of cruel and unusual punishment. We as citizens of America have many rights and freedoms, of which we exercise everyday. The police are there to ensure us these rights and to protect harm to individuals or to society. However we as citizens tend to mistake police officers for robots who entail no hatred nor prejudices in other words society forgets that are also human. Human enough to feel many different feelings, emotions and attitudes towards many different issues or even people. This is not to say that every police officer would subject a citizen towards this negative attitude but current events and statistics show that the civil rights and liberties of Americans are being challenged everyday of the hands of â€Å"our protectors†, the police. Police brutality may occur violating the rights and liberties of any individual at any given time. How... ... WORK CITED CIVIL RIGHTS The Challenge of Democracy, Janda 5th Edition P.217 Beyond The Rodney King Story, Ogletree Northeastern University Press, 1995 Violence And the Police, William Westley, The mit press, 1970 Ebonye,†How TO STOP POLICE BRUTALITY†:HNS J. MASSAQUOI,V.46 JULY 1991 P.58-60 Essence,†Up Against The Wall Black Men and Cops†:LEs Payne;v.23 Nov.1992 p.72 Essence,†The Black and The Blues†, Jill Nelson; v.29 Sep 1985 p. 91-93 Jet,†NAACP’S Wade Henderson Testifies On Capitol Hill About Police Over reaction†: v.80 May 20,1991 p.32 THE MEDIA Washington Post, Bline Harden, June 14 1997 Washington Post,Frank G. Scifidi,March 16,1998 THE COURTS The Anarchical Society, Hedley bull, copyright 1997 Maclean’s, v.28 Dec 22,1997 Maclean’s, v.27 Dec 22 1997 The New York Times, Jan 1998, v147: p A18

Monday, January 13, 2020

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay

Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression in elderly patients is one of the most prevalent psychological problems today. However, research and knowledge regarding this subject is limited and those involved in the application of this knowledge to help elderly individuals experiencing depression are lacking in efficient strategies and training. This paper aims to explore the efficacy of inducing positive affect through music as a strategy in treating depression in elderly individuals. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of music alone as tool in treating depression based on its capability to induce positive affect. It is hypothesized that positive affect continuously induced via music within a set time-period will lessen signs of depression. Introduction Depression has recently been recognized as one of main psychological problems facing society today. Literature shows that treatment of depression needs to be specialized in terms of the population it addresses. Certain groups, such as adolescents, respond to certain treatments differently when compared to another group, such as the elderly. (Aryan & Alvidres, 2001; Von Kroff et al, 2001) Depression among the elderly has specifically been found to be rampant and mostly unchecked mainly due to the fact that it was regarded earlier on as a normal step in an individual’s aging. (Casey, 1994) The need for further research on the subject is stressed by the fact that treatments and solutions for depression among elderly individuals are studied only in areas wherein a majority of the population is in the late stages of life. (Bramesfeld, 2003) Also, research has shown that general practitioners involved in treating depression in the elderly need to have more training and information on how best to handle depression in older patients. (Rothera et al, 2002) Diagnosis of depression is also a problem with 70-90% of depressed elderly patients going undiagnosed. (Koenig, 1999) A new strategy being researched for its effectiveness in treating depression employs the use of music techniques. Hendricks et al (1999) showed the potency of music in treating adolescent depression mainly because of its ability to inspire a change in the individual’s emotions. Hanser & Thomson (1994) and Hanser (1990) studies have also shown promise in the use of music techniques to treat depression in older individuals. This paper aims to validate these previous studies but will focus only on the musical aspect of the treatment. Previous research included exercise, muscle relaxation techniques, and recall of experiences which could have confounded the results of the previous studies attesting to the effectiveness of music techniques. Research Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The goal of this paper is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between music-induced affect and depression. Can positive affect induced by music reduce depression? It is hypothesized that positive music-induced affect has a significant negative relationship with depression. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The design of the study is experimental and random. Specifically, it makes use of a 2Ãâ€"2 between-subjects factorial design. One variable will be the music-induced affect which will have two levels in the experiment, presence and absence of music-induced affect. Negative music-induced affect will not be used for ethical reasons. The other variable will be the test scores of the participants assessing the intensity of their depression. This will have two levels, test scores prior to the application of the music technique and test scores acquired after application. The two variables contribute tot eh 2Ãâ€"2 factorial design. (Mann, 1949) Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study will be conducted in a laboratory setting within primary care facilities from which the participants will be gathered. Performing the experiment in a primary care facility will be more convenient especially because the participants involved are elderly individuals. The laboratory setting will control for confounding variables that could be present in a real environment. Population   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research sample will be composed of individuals from age 65 onwards coming from primary care facilities and who have been diagnosed with depression (ranging from mild to severe). This is to avoid ethical and scientific concerns regarding clinically-induced depression. Data Collection The independent variable is the positive music-induced affect will be measured with the State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1985) The depression level, the dependent variable, of the participants will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (Beck et al, 1961) Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group will be administered with music sessions aimed at inducing positive affect. The music will be pre-tested on a different set of participants also with depression to check its validity in inducing positive affect. The control group will not be administered with music sessions and will only be administered the Beck Depression Inventory at the start and at the end of the experimentation period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The experimental group will be administered the selected music once daily for a duration of four weeks. During the sessions, participants of the experimental set-up will be asked to clear their minds and to concentrate only on the music being played. The State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised will be administered before and after each session to ensure that positive affect was induced. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be administered to this group at the start and end of the four-week experimentation period to document depression levels. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collected data will be analyzed statistically with the use of a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The computed marginal means in the ANOVA will be the determining statistical value indicating the effect of positive music-induced affect on depression scores with the Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music as a technique employed in treating depression will provide healthcare workers and low-income families with a relatively cost-free strategy of helping elderly individuals experiencing depression. This is also a technique that doesn’t require much training or medical expertise in its administration. All one would need in order to be able to administer this technique is knowledge as to which music selections are prescribed and certified to induce positive affect. This technique, because of its simplicity and speed of application, could also be used as a supplementary strategy to medication, counseling and psychotherapies being employed to treat depression in elderly patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research, however, has many limitations. The range of elderly individuals that will be available for experimentation will only be confined to a specific locality. Time constraints will also be an issue. Further study should be conducted on a larger sample size and over a longer experimentation period. Different music styles and variations can also be checked to ascertain maximum effectiveness of the treatment. Gender could also be checked as a factor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression is indeed a psychological problem that afflicts today’s elderly individuals. Research regarding effective techniques has to be continued and expanded in order for healthcare workers to be able to best address this growing problem. References Arean, P., & Alvidrez, J. (2001). Treating Depressive Disorders Who Responds, Who Does Not Respond, and Who Do We Need to Study? Journal of Family Practices, 50(6), 529 Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bramesfeld, A. (2003). Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392-401 Casey, D. (1994). Depression in the elderly. Southern Medical Journal, 87(5), 559-563 Hanser, S. B. (1990). A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults in the community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 283-298. Hanser, S. B., & Thompson, L. W. (1994). Effects of music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269. Hendricks, C., Robinson, B., Bradley, L., & Davis, K. (1999). Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 38(1), 39-46 Koenig, H. (1999). Late-life depression: How to treat patients with comorbid chronic illness.Geriatrics, 54(5), 56-61 Mann, H.B. (1949). Analysis and design of experiments; analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs. New York, Dover Publications. Rothera, I., Jones, R., & Gordon, C. (2002). An examination of the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 354-358 Von Kroff, M., Katon, W., Wells, K., & Wagner, E. (2001). Improving Depression Care Barriers, Solutions, and Research Needs. Journal of Family Practice, 50(6), 529-561 Zuckerman M, & Lubin B. (1985) Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing

Saturday, January 4, 2020

The History Of Abraham Lincolns Life - 741 Words

Four years ago they figured it out. How to get through the timelines. Three years ago they sent someone ten minutes back. The original plan was to paint on a board to see if he actually could change the future, but the board never changed and he never was seen again. Last year they made it through and back†¦ but not with a human. It was a machine, that almost looked like a metal skeleton of a human, sent back with one mission. To paint on the board. Black letters started appearing a few seconds later, saying that it had made it and was coming back. It came back not even a second later and shut down. Over the course of that year they gave that†¦ thing more of an actual structure to look human. We can get video from the machines point of†¦show more content†¦Once we got there he was sitting in an office with several security guards dead around him while he was transferring data from a computer. â€Å"Don’t move,† I told the group around the corner â€Å"If we can attack him without†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A new recruit on the team ran out screaming. Arlo’s download had stopped and now had full control over himself. He grabbed this soldier by the neck and ripped his vest off. The vest went back to its original time period. As the soldier was thrown out the window. The window shattered as he flew crashing into the washington monument, falling to the ground. Arlo grabbed a gun from the desk and aimed it in my direction. A scratchy voice broke through his face. â€Å"You brought me pain and misery.† His hand was solid in place. There was no hesitation â€Å"This world is more of a curse than a blessing† He raised the gun toward the last two members of the team and threw them, ones leg getting caught on an American flag due to the force and strength of the robot. The other was slammed through the floor as he fell through the stories of the building. à ¢â‚¬Å"We can use you to help make the world a safer place† I told him â€Å"The same world that has kept me locked in the facility only for one purpose?† The loud shot of a the gun,and the pain rushing through my leg as I sat on the ground. Another shot goes through my leg and one in my shoulder. The blood was flowing through the room like magma seeping from a volcano. I seem to watchShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln s Legacy Of The Man Behind The Gun With A Plan982 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 2016 Abraham Lincoln Assassination Early morning of April 15, 1865 the United States of America stood still. 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